First study of Brucella ovis antibodies in purebred sheep flocks in the State of Parana, Brazil / [Primeiro estudo de anticorpos para Brucella ovis em rebanhos de ovinos puros de Origem, no estado do Paraná, Brasil]

Brucella ovis, a non-zoonotic species, is the etiological agent of ovine brucellosis, an infectious disease of clinical or subclinical occurrence in sheep flocks. Until then, there is no serological study of anti-Brucella ovis antibodies in purebred sheep herds. This study aimed to determine the presence of anti-Brucella ovis antibodies in purebred sheep flocks with breeding purposes from Parana State. Blood samples from 728 animals, of which 563 were females and 165 males, between 8 and 56 months of age from the six major sheep producing mesoregions of Parana, were submitted to detection of anti-Brucella ovis antibodies by the Agar Gel Immunodiffusion technique using an antigen from the bacteria Brucella ovis (Reo 198). The results indicate the presence of this disease in purebred sheep from Parana State in a low occurrence of 0.27% (2/728). The only two positive animals were rams, Santa Inês breed, from the same flock in the East Center region of Parana, without clinical disease. In conclusion, Brucella ovis is present in purebred sheep in Parana State, Brazil, and this low occurrence may have occurred due to rigorous breeding systems that may contribute to reduce the transmission of this disease.(AU)

Brucella ovis, espécie não zoonótica, é o agente etiológico da brucelose ovina, doença infecciosa de ocorrência clínica ou subclínica. Atualmente, não existe estudo sorológico de anticorpos anti-Brucella ovis em rebanhos de ovinos puros de origem. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a presença de anticorpos anti-Brucella ovis em rebanhos ovinos de raça pura de origem, com fins reprodutivos do estado do Paraná. Amostras de sangue de 728 animais, sendo 563 fêmeas e 165 machos, entre oito e 56 meses de idade, pertencentes a seis principais mesorregiões produtoras de ovinos no Paraná, foram submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-Brucella ovis pela técnica de imunodifusão em ágar gel usando-se um antígeno da bactéria Brucella ovis (Reo 198). Os resultados indicam a presença da doença em ovinos puros de origem do estado do Paraná em baixa ocorrência de 0,27% (2/728). Os dois únicos animais positivos foram reprodutores da raça Santa Inês, do mesmo rebanho da região Centro Leste do Paraná, sem manifestação clínica. Em conclusão, Brucella ovis está presente em ovinos puros de origem no estado do Paraná, e essa baixa ocorrência pode ter ocorrido devido a sistemas rigorosos de criação, que podem contribuir para a redução da transmissão dessa doença.(AU)

Castor cake as organic fertilizer to control gastrointestinal nematodes in pasture-raised sheep / Torta de mamona como adubo orgânico para o controle de nematoides gastrintestinais em ovinos criados a pasto

Abstract Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the factors that discourages farmers from raising small ruminants in cultivated pastures. To validate a soil treatment strategy to control the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), castor cake (CC) was used as a fertilizer on a pasture where sheep grazed on guinea grass under continuous stocking. On day zero, the pasture was divided into three paddocks, contaminated by GIN and treated, respectively, with CC divided into two applications (2CC1/2), CC in a single application (CC1) and organic compost in a single application (control). On day 21, eight GIN-free sheep were placed in each paddock. On day 58, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed: reduction of up to 66.10% in larvae.g-1 of dry mass in pastures fertilized with CC, decrease of up to 60.72% in infection rates among the animals in the groups treated with CC, higher average daily weight gain (over 185 g.day-1) and packed cell volume (over 26%) in the groups treated with CC, when compared to the control (128 g.day-1; 20.9%). In view of the results, the use of CC, mainly CC1, as a fertilizer for guinea grass pastures, under continuous stocking, proved to be promising, with 63.41% effectiveness in controlling worm infestations.

Resumo O parasitismo gastrintestinal é um dos fatores que fragiliza a exploração de pequenos ruminantes em pastagens cultivadas. Objetivando validar a estratégia de tratamento do solo para o controle dos estágios de vida livre de nematoides gastrintestinais (NGI), a torta de mamona (TM) foi utilizada como adubo, com ovinos pastejando em capim-tanzânia sob lotação contínua. No dia zero, o pasto foi dividido em três piquetes, contaminados por NGI e tratados, respectivamente, com TM parcelada em duas aplicações (2TM1/2), TM em uma única aplicação (TM1) e composto orgânico em única aplicação (testemunha). No dia 21, cada piquete recebeu oito ovinos livres de NGI. No dia 58, observaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,05): redução de até 66,10% de larvas.g-1 de massa seca nas pastagens adubadas com TM; redução de até 60,72% da infecção dos animais nos grupos tratados com TM; ganho de peso médio diário (acima de 185 g.dia-1) e volume globular (acima de 26%) superior nos grupos tratados com TM, quando comparados com a testemunha (128 g.dia-1; 20,9%). Diante dos resultados, o uso da TM, principalmente TM1, como adubo em pasto de capim-tanzânia, sob lotação contínua, mostrou-se promissor, com eficácia de 63,41% para controlar a verminose.

Immune humoral response of young lambs naturally infested by Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) / Resposta imune humoral de cordeiros jovens naturalmente infestados por Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae)

Abstract Twenty-six newborn lambs were evaluated for 21 weeks, from birth to slaughter, to assess their plasma anti-Oestrus ovis immunoglobulin (IgG) using the ELISA technique. On the last day of sampling, all the lambs were slaughtered and O. ovis larvae were recovered, quantified and identified according to the larval stage. High levels of IgG were observed over the first three weeks of life, thus indicating that antibodies are transferred via colostrum from ewes to lambs. Afterwards, the antibody levels declined progressively until the lambs were 11 weeks of age and subsequently started to increase again when they were around 13 weeks of age, reaching the apex on the last week of sampling. All the lambs were parasitized with different larval stages of O. ovis, with an average of 39 larvae per lamb, and the intensity of the infestation ranged from 10 to 97 larvae. However, there was non-significant correlation coefficients between IgG levels and O. ovis larval burden (P > 0.05). In conclusion, although the lambs became infested with O. ovis at an early age, the larval burden was not associated with specific IgG levels.

Resumo Vinte e seis cordeiros recém-nascidos foram avaliados por 21 semanas, desde o nascimento até o abate, para avaliar os níveis plasmáticos de imunoglobulina (IgG) anti-Oestrus ovis utilizando-se a técnica de ELISA. No último dia de coleta, todos os cordeiros foram abatidos e as larvas de O. ovis foram recuperadas, quantificadas e identificadas de acordo com o estádio larval. Foram observados altos níveis de IgG nas primeiras três semanas de vida, indicando que os anticorpos são transferidos por meio do colostro das ovelhas para os cordeiros. Posteriormente, os níveis de anticorpos diminuíram progressivamente, até os cordeiros completarem 11 semanas de vida. Os níveis de IgG começaram a aumentar novamente a partir de 13 semanas de idade, atingindo o ápice na última semana de coleta. Todos os cordeiros estavam parasitados com diferentes estádios larvais de O. ovis com uma média de 39 larvas por cordeiro, e a intensidade da infestação variou de 10 a 97 larvas. Porém, não houve correlação significativa entre os níveis de IgG e a carga larval de O. ovis (P > 0,05). Em conclusão, embora os cordeiros tenham sido infestados com O. ovis ainda jovens, a carga larval não foi associada a níveis específicos de IgG.

Humoral response and evolution of Echinococcus infection in experimentally infected sheep / Resposta humoral e evolução à infecção por Echinococcus em ovinos experimentalmente infectados

There is little information on the humoral response of sheep experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate this response and measure its evolution. Doses of 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 E. granulosus eggs were prepared and inoculated via intraruminal puncture. Blood samples were obtained before inoculation and every 48 h after inoculation, until they became seropositive. Thereafter, they were taken monthly for the first year and then every three months until 1700 days of observation had been completed. An ELISA test, with total hydatid fluid antigen, was used for immunodiagnosis. The average optical density of the 12 inoculated sheep was found to be above the mean cutoff value 10 days after inoculation, went on increasing until 180 days after inoculation and remained above the cutoff level until the end of the observation period. This confirms that the antibody response of sheep to E. granulosus infection occurs before production of hydatid fluid and that activation, mobilization and establishment of oncospheres in the tissues generates a persistent response from the host's immune system.

Existe pouca informação sobre a resposta imune humoral de ovinos experimentalmente infectados por Echinococcus granulosus. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a resposta imune por anticorpos em ovinos infectados. Os ovinos receberam doses de 10, 100, 1.000 e 10.000 ovos de E. granulosus por via intrarruminal. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes e após infecção, a cada 48 horas, até a detecção de anticorpos anti-E. granulosus e após, colheram-se amostras mensal e trimestralmente, no primeiro ano até 1.700 dias de infecção. No imunodiagnóstico, utilizou-se o ensaio imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA-teste) e como antígeno total, líquido hidático. Na detecção de anticorpos anti-E. granulosus no soro das 12 ovelhas, a densidade ótica esteve acima do ponto de corte, após 10 dias de infecção, aumentando até 180 dias pós-infecção, e permanecendo acima desses dias até o final do experimento. Isso confirma que a resposta por anticorpos em ovinos infectados por E. granulosus antecede a produção de líquido hidático, e que a ativação, mobilidade e permanência das oncosferas nos tecidos possibilita a resposta imune dos hospedeiros.

Respuesta humoral y consecuencias reproductivas en ovejas desafiadas con Brucella ovis al final de la gestación / Immune response and reproductive consequences in experimentally infected ewes with Brucella ovis during late pregnancy

La brucelosis ovina por Brucella ovis es una enfermedad de prevalencia alta en Argentina. Para evaluar la patogenicidad de B. ovis y la respuesta serológica durante el último mes de gestación, 6 ovejas se distribuyeron en dos grupos: G1, ovejas preñadas, n = 4 y G2, ovejas no preñadas, n = 2. Tres ovejas del G1 (15 días preparto) y una del G2 fueron inoculadas con B. ovis. Se analizaron muestras de suero mediante diferentes pruebas serológicas. Se realizó aislamiento y PCR a partir de mucus cérvico-vaginal (mcv), placenta y leche. En las muestras de placenta se realizó histopatología. Las hembras del G1 parieron corderos vivos; se detectaron anticuerpos en las ovejas desafiadas del G1 a partir de los 5 días posinoculación. El mcv de las ovejas desafiadas resultó negativo al aislamiento en ambos grupos. Las muestras de leche del G1 fueron positivas por cultivo y PCR a B. ovis. La técnica de PCR resultó positiva en las placentas de las ovejas desafiadas del G1. La histopatología reveló una placentitis necrótica supurativa en una de las ovejas desafiadas. El desafío con B. ovis preparto resultó en la invasión de la placenta y de la glándula mamaria, con la consecuente excreción de la bacteria por leche. La infección con B. ovis indujo una respuesta humoral temprana en las ovejas. La colonización de la placenta por B. ovis y la excreción de la bacteria por la leche sugieren un potencial riesgo de infección activa para los corderos y la posibilidad de que estos se comporten como portadores latentes de la infección.

Ovine brucellosis by Brucella ovis is a highly prevalent disease in Argentina. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of B. ovis and the serological response in ewes during late pregnancy and in their offspring. Six adult ewes were distributed in two groupsGI (pregnant females, n = 4) and G2 (nonpregnant females, n = 2). Three pregnant ewes at 15 days prepartum and one nonpregnant eve were inoculated with B. ovis. Sera of sheep and their offspring were analyzed by different serological tests. Samples of cervicovaginal mucus, placenta and milk were studied by bacteriology. A Brucella genus-specific PCR assay was carried out in placenta and milk samples. Placenta samples were hystopathologically processed. G1 females gave birth to live lambs, but one died hours postpartum. Serological techniques employed detected antibodies in serum of inoculated pregnant animal 5 days postchallenge. Sera of female controls G1 and G2 remained negative throughout the study. Cervicovaginal mucus of infected ewes in G1 and G2 yielded negative results to bacteriology, but B. ovis was isolated from milk. The PCR assay was positive for the placenta and milk from inoculated pregnant ewes. Histopathology revealed necrotic suppurative placentitis in one placenta. However, although results demonstrated that B. ovis can invade the placenta and mammary gland, this bacterium did not cause abortion when it was inoculated intravenously at 15 days prepartum. B. ovis infection induced an early humoral response in pregnant ewes, but their lambs remained seronegative, indicating that there was no transfer of antibodies in infancy. Placenta colonization and milk excretion of B. ovis involves a potential source of infection for lambs, which could play a role as latent carriers of infection.

Desarrollo de una prueba de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos en carneros vacunados o infectados con Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis / Development of an ELISA test to detect antibodies in vaccinated sheep or infected Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar un ELISA indirecto desarrollado para medir la respuesta inmune humoral en carneros vacunados contra la linfoadenitis caseosa (LC) y/o desafiados con una cepa de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis homóloga. Se distribuyeron corderos de 4 meses clínicamente sanos en 4 grupos: grupo 1, corderos vacunados (G1, n = 5); grupo 2, corderos vacunados e inoculados (G2, n = 8); grupo 3, corderos inoculados (G3, n = 2); y grupo 4, control (G4, n = 2). Los animales del G1 y del G2 recibieron dos dosis de una bacterina experimental; los del G2 y del G3 fueron desafiados con una cepa de C. pseudotuberculosis cuatro semanas posvacunación. Se estudiaron por ELISA los títulos serológicos durante 7 meses y se efectuaron las necropsias en los grupos G2, G3 y G4. Se tomaron muestras de pulmón y linfonódulos para efectuar estudios bacteriológicos e histopatológicos. La cepa inoculada en los animales del G2 y del G3 reprodujo las lesiones macroscópicas y microscópicas típicas de la LC; ésta fue aislada del sitio de inoculación, de linfonódulos o de pulmón en 7/8 animales del G2 y en 2/2 animales del G3. La prueba de ELISA, con una sensibilidad del 98% y una especificidad del 100%, detectó diferencias significativas entre los serorreactores de los diferentes grupos experimentales y permitió establecer una relación con el tipo de tratamiento aplicado. Se concluye que el ELISA desarrollado puede ser una herramienta útil para identificar animales infectados y con clínica positiva a la LC.

The aim of this study was to evaluate an indirect specific ELISA developed for the detection of humoral immune response in vaccinated sheep and/or challenged with a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis strain. Healthy 4 month-old lambs were distributed into 4 groups: Group 1 immunized (G1, n = 5), Group 2 vaccinated/inoculated (G2, n = 8), Group 3 inoculated (G3, n = 2) and Group 4 control (G4, n = 2). Groups G1 and G2 received two doses of an experimental bacterin. Four weeks postvaccination, G2 and G3 groups were challenged with a C. pseudotuberculosis strain. Serological titers were studied by ELISA for 7 months and pathological studies were performed in groups G2, G3 and G4 by taking lung and lymph node samples for bacteriology and histopathology. The inoculated strain in G2 and G3 animals reproduced the macroscopic and microscopic lesions typical of caseous lymphadenitis (CL) and was isolated from the inoculation site, lymph nodes and/or lung in 7/8 animals from G2, and 2/2 animals of G3. The developed ELISA test had sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 100% respectively, detected significant differences between serological reactors of different experimental groups and allowed to establish a relationship with the type of treatment. We conclude that the developed ELISA may be a useful tool to identify infected animals with positive clinical CL.

Fisiopatología y respuesta inmune de ovinos experimentalmente infectados con Echinococcus granulosus / Pathophysiology and immune response in sheep experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus

La respuesta inmune a la infección por Echinococcus granulosus en el ovino ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aportar información sobre la fisiopatología y la respuesta inmune a la infección experimental con E. granulosus en ovinos. Se inocularon experimentalmente ovinos con tres dosis distintas de huevos de E. granulosus, evaluándose la repuesta inmune por seguimiento mediante enzimo inmuno ensayo con tres preparaciones antigénicas (líquido hidatídico total, fracción purificada de líquido hidatídico total y fracción lipoproteica purificada) durante 500 días. Se sacrificaron animales en forma escalonada para observar macroscópica y microscópicamente el desarrollo del parásito. La respuesta inmune se detectó a partir de los 10 días y se mantuvo durante el período de observación, resultando inicialmente proporcional a la carga de huevos inoculados, y disminuyendo las diferencias con el tiempo. Se identificaron quistes fértiles a los 10 meses post inoculación y oncósferas vivas 500 días post inoculación. La respuesta de anticuerpos en el ovino a la infección por E. granulosus fue anterior a la formación de líquido hidatídico y resultó generada por la movilidad de la oncósfera. La temprana fertilidad identificada histológicamente indica que la alimentación de canes con vísceras de ovinos jóvenes puede producir ciclos de infección. La presencia de oncósferas vivas en el hígado, por su parte, aporta información sobre la patogenia de la enfermedad y permite expresar hipótesis sobre las causas de nuevas operaciones en el hombre luego de la extirpación de un quiste hidatídico lo que podría liberar el freno inmunitario sobre dichas oncósferas.

The immune response to Echinococcus granulosus in sheep has not been extensively investigated. The objective of this study was to increase the information on the physiopathology of E. granulosus and the immune response elicited in sheep. Animals were experimentally inoculated with three different doses of E. granulosus eggs and the immune response was evaluated over 500 days using enzyme immunoassay with three antigenic preparations: total hydatid fluid, purified fraction of hydatid fluid and purified lipoprotein fraction. Sheep were slaughtered at different intervals to observe the macroscopic and microscopic development of the parasite. Immune response was detected at 10 days and was maintained throughout the observation period, being initially proportional to the load of inoculated eggs and then decreasing over time. Fertile cysts were identified 10 months after inoculation and live onchosphere 500 days after inoculation. Antibody response to E. granulosus in sheep preceded hydatid fluid formation and was generated by the mobility of the onchosphere. Early histological identification of fertile cysts indicates that feeding dogs with viscera of young sheep can produce cycles of infection. Furthermore, the presence of live onchosphere in the liver here found contributes to a better knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease it could be hypothetically considered as a cause for the repeated surgeries necessary in man after the extirpation of a hydatid cyst.

Lambs Infected with UV-Attenuated Sporocysts of Sarcocystis ovicanis Produced Abnormal Sarcocysts and Induced Protective Immunity against a Challenge Infection

The present study surveyed the prevalence of natural infection of the sheep esphagus muscle with sarcocysts of Sarcocystis ovicanis and examined induction of protective immunity using UV-attenuated sporocysts. The overall prevalence of natural infection of the sheep was 95%. Infectivity of the collected sarcocysts was confirmed by shedding of sporulated oocysts after feeding infected esophageal tissues to dogs. To induce protective immunity, lambs were immunized 3 times (once a week) with 1.5 x 10(4) sporocysts exposed to UV-light for 30 min (UV-30 group) or 60 (UV-60 group) min and then challenged with 1.5 x 10(4) normal sporocysts at the 3rd week post the 1st vaccination. These lambs showed high survival and less clinical signs of sarcocystosis than normal infected lambs. The attenuated sporocysts produced abnormal cysts; small in size and detached from the muscle fiber. These abnormalities were more obvious in UV-60 group than UV-30 group. Also, the IFN-gamma level and lymphocyte percentage were increased while the total leukocyte count was decreased in the UV-60 group compared with other groups. The high level of IFN-gamma may be an evidence for the induction of Th1 responses which may have protective effect against a challenge infection.

Ovar-Mhc - ovine major histocompatibility complex: structure and gene polymorphisms

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in sheep, Ovar-Mhc, is poorly characterised, when compared to other domestic animals. However, its basic structure is similar to that of other mammals, comprising class I, II and III regions. Currently, there is evidence for the existence of four class I loci. The class II region is better characterised, with evidence of one DRA, four DRB (one coding and three non-coding), one DQA1, two DQA2, and one each of the DQB1, DQB2, DNA, DOB, DYA, DYB, DMA, and DMB genes in the region. The class III region is the least characterised, with the known presence of complement cascade (C4, C2 and Bf), TNFalpha and CYP21 genes. Products of the class I and II genes, MHC molecules, play a pivotal role in antigen presentation required for eliciting immune responses against invading pathogens. Several studies have focused on polymorphisms of Ovar-Mhc genes and their association with disease resistance. However, more research emphasis is needed on characterising the remaining Ovar-Mhc genes and developing simplified and cost-effective methods to score gene polymorphisms. Haplotype screening, employing multiple markers rather than single genes, would be more meaningful in MHC-disease association studies, as it is well known that most of the MHC loci are tightly linked, exhibiting very little recombination. This review summarises the current knowledge of the structure of Ovar-Mhc and polymorphisms of genes located in the complex.

Resposta sorológica e avaliaçäo de proteçäo fetal em ovelhas prenhes vacinadas contra o vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) / Serological response and evaluation of fetal protection in pregnant ewes vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

A resposta sorológica e proteçäo fetal conferida por três vacinas inativadas contra o vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) (vacinas A, B e C) foram avaliadas através de vacinaçäo e posterior desafio de ovelhas prenhes com amostras brasileiras de BVDV-1 e BVDV-2. Níveis baixos a moderados de anticorpos neutralizantes anti-BVDV-1 foram detectados na maioria dos animais (45/47) aos 30 dias após a segunda dose vacinal (títulos médios geométricos [GMT] de 124,7; 74,6 e 26,7 para as vacinas A, B e C, respectivamente). Em contraste, atividade neutralizante anti-BVDV-2 näo foi detectada em vários animais (12/47) e foi de magnitude inferior nos três grupos vacinais (GMTs 19,1; 14,1 e 15,1). Os títulos médios de anticorpos reduziram-se significativamente no dia 180, sendo que vários animais já näo apresentavam atividade neutralizante detectável frente ao BVDV-1 (grupo B=1/19; C=8/14) e principalmente frente ao BVDV-2 (A=7/14; B=13/19; C=13/14). Nessa data, os títulos médios de anticorpos contra as amostras utilizadas no desafio eram de 91,9; 15,1 e 60,6 (SV-126.8, BVDV-1) e de 10; <10 e 28,3 (SV-260, BVDV-2) nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Nos três grupos vacinais, os níveis de anticorpos neutralizantes contra essas amostras näo foram sufucientes para prevenir a replicaçäo, disseminaçäo virêmica e transmissäo transplacentária dos vírus aos fetos. O vírus foi detectado no sangue e nos fetos de todas as ovelhas vacinadas com as vacinas A (10/10), B (9/9) e C (8/8). Esses resultados demonstraram que as vacinas testadas induziram níveis moderados a baixos de anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 e, principalmente contra o BVDV-2 na maioria dos animais; e que esses níveis näo foram suficientes para prevenir a infecçäo fetal frente ao desafio com amostras de BVDV-1 e BVDV-2. Adicionalmente, os resultados confirmam a adequaçäo de ovelhas prenhes para estudos de proteçäo fetal por vacinas contra o BVDV.

Epididimitis ovina: estudios bacteriológico y serológico / Ovine epididymytis a Bacteriological and serological studies

La brucelosis en ovinos puede ser causada por Brucella ovis y por brucelas lisas, en ambos casos puede presentarse epididimitis u orquitis, las cuales también se asocian con otros agentes infecciosos como Actinobacillus seminis e histophilus ovis. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar e identificar los agentes bacterianos involucrados en la epididimits ovina y establecer la relación en el diagnóstico serológico y bacteriológico de brucelas lisas, de B. ovis Y A. seminis con la presencia de epididimitis clínica. Se trabajó en 6 rebaños ovinos localizados en los estados de México, Hidalgo y el Distrito Federal, se tomaron muestras de suero de 111 machos, y muestras de semen y testículos de 17 carneros. La presencia de epididimitis se determinó por palpación y observación. A los sueros se les aplicó la prueba diagnóstica de tarjeta al 3 por ciento para brucelas lisas, las pruebas de ELISA indirecta e inmunodifusión doble (IDD) con el antígeno proteínico de extracción salina caliente para B. ovis, e IDD con antígeno solubre para A. seminis. Se realizó análisis bacteriológico a las muestras de semen y testículos de machos con epididimitis, a las cepas aisladas se les efectuaron pruebas de identificación bioquímica rutinarias; para A. seminis se realizó además IDD con antígeno obtenido por lisis de cepas aisladas y de referencia. En los 6 rebaños se diagnósticó la presencia de anticuerpos para B. ovis, por IDD, se encontraron 10 positivos (9.0 por ciento), en ELISA indirecta se obtuvieron 25 sueros positivos (22.5 por ciento), para brucelas lisas se encontraron 20 sueros positivos (18.01 por ciento). Para A. seminis se identificaron 10 seros positivos (9.0 por ciento), pertenecientes a 3 de los 6 rebaños muestreados. Se lograron aislar dos cepas de B. ovis a partir de testículos, y de dos cepas de A. seminis de semen

Enhanced production of antibody with specific antigen.

On inoculation of nonspecific stimulator of immunity (NSI), prepared from Mycobacterium phlei (M. phlei), simultaneously along with sheep pox virus (SPV) in sheep, the recipient has exhibited appreciable level of SPV specific antibody as early as on 10th day which reached at peak level on 20th day and remained unaltered on 30th day of postimmunisation as evinced by serum neutralisation test (SNT), enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) indirect, fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) indirect, counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and finally by virulent SPV challenge. On the contrary, sheep, when immunised with SPV only could not produce appreciable level of antibody on 10th day but did so on 20th day of inoculation. SPV and NSI immunised sheep produced enhanced protection against virulent SPV challenge in comparison with sheep immunised with SPV only. Healthy control sheep, however, could not resist challenge.

Complejos inmunes circulantes en ovinos infestados con Fasciola hepatica / Circulating immune complex in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica

Se determinó la presencia de complejos inmunes circulantes (CIC) en 38 sueros de ovinos infestados con Fasciola hepatica y 15 sueros de ovinos libres del parásito, por precipitación con polietilenglicol 6000 (PEG) al 4, 6, 8 y 10%. La cantidad de proteína precipitada fue mucho mayor en los ovinos parasitados que en los testigos en todas las concentraciones de PEG utilizadas, observándose la mayor diferencia con PEG al 10%. Para corroborar la presencia de CIC se precipitaron los sueros con PEG al 2.5% y se determinó el consumo de complemento (CC) de estos precipitados obteniéndose valores promedio de 57% en los ovinos con fasciolasis y de 29% en los ovinos testigos. Se determinaron los títulos de anticuerpos contra F. hepatica por hemoaglutinación pasiva (HP), difusión doble en agar (DD) e inmunoensayo en capa delgada (ICD). No hubo relación entre la presencia de CIC y los títulos determinados en las pruebas serológicas, excepto en ICD dondo los sueros en títulos más altos fueron los sueros que dieron mayor preciptación con PEG y mayor CC

Serological demonstration of toxoplasmosis among sheep in Sudan

Numerous reports from all over the world attest the widespread prevalence of toxoplasmosis in man and animals. Despite this fact, the disease has not been so far studied in Sudan. This paper is intended to report on the presence of antibodies against T. gondii among sheep as indicated by the Sabin and Feldman dye test and complement fixation test. The results were discussed on the light of work done in other countries